In recent years, the efficacy and cost-efrfectiveness of 99

The efficacy of nano-scale catalysts (NCs) for in-situ remediation of various recalcitrant, carcinogenic groundwater pollutants has been
well documented and has resulted in the desire to utilize these highly effective catalysts ex-situ for a growing list of full-scale
environmental and chemical-processing applications. Of course, it does little good to remediate water if you pollute it with billions of
nanoparticles in the process, and recently the water treatment and process engineering communities identified the last remaining obstacle
to unleashing the potential of nano-catalysis for water remediation applications: There was no way to cost-efficiently immobilize large
quantities of NCs in a flow-through reactor, through which polluted water (or any reactant stream) may easily pass, without entraining
the particles themselves into the reactant flow, thus polluting the water with the nano-particles themselves, necessitating expensive
post-reaction separations operations (such as reverse osmosis & nano-filtration) to achieve remediation.

OF course, in water treatment applications where RO/NF installations already exist, the concentrated RO/NF brine stream would still be
treatable to a non-hazardous material with nano-catalysis, so that is also a viable process scenario where RO/NF installations (1) already
exist, (2) are not damaged by CHCs at prevailing concentrations, (3) are effectively removing the CHC’s in their feed (though this is not as
common as one would think) and (4) could use a good way to render their brine streams non-hazardous and cut disposal costs.

Now there IS a way - it has been demonstrated and filmed: Cross Consulting has developed and demonstrated two types of revolutionary
High-Efficiency Nano-Catalyst Immobilization (HENCI) reactors which quickly immobilize NCs at packing densities much greater than, and
without the hydrodynamic or mass transport limitations of predecessor technologies. Moreover, HENCI immobilization technology is
easily and inexpensively scaled to any throughput, permitting NCs to be cost-effectively deployed to (among other applications) quickly
remediate, on an MGD scale if required, water polluted with any of a growing list of (at least 39 to date per recent scientific literature)
recalcitrant and carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbon species. The HENCI-facilitated NC immobilization system allows nano- and
micro-scale catalyst particles to be employed as if in a packed-bed reactor, without ever introducing them into solution, but at very small
pressure-drop per flux. As such, HENCI technology facilitates, for the first time, the complete nano-catalytic conversion of pollutants into
benign species (as opposed to mere separation into a waste stream) HENCI can function at very high throughputs with small process
equipment (e.g. short residence times), and features very low capital and operating costs, operation at ambient P & T, no required
chemicals, and often no additional wetted materials. Moreover, HENCI uses little power, and can be scaled & modularly configured to
address the complete spectrum of (1) required reaction conversion and (2) required system throughput of any nano- or micro-catalyzed
reaction or sorption application.